Vehicle to grid (V2G) concept envisions the plug-in hybrid or plug-in electric vehicle as a resource for the electric grid, where power can be absorbed or sourced by the vehicle energy storage system. However, there are many intermediary steps that have to be achieved, before this vision comes to fruition.

ATEC will research and implement various technologies that will allow for V2G to become a reality. We will look at the benefits and the issues with each stage of V2G implementation. The three stages we have identified are explained below. Each provides additional flexibility to the electrical distribution system.

Smart Charging (V1G): The vehicle charging rate is controlled remotely based on grid conditions and user preferences. The benefits include:

• Using electricity when it would otherwise be wasted
• Minimize additional load at peak times (load as spinning reserve)
• Allow easier integration of intermittent renewable resources (such as wind and solar) to the grid

Vehicle to Building (V2B): This system would allow for the charger to be controlled remotely; in addition, the charger would be able to feed power back to the home to which it is plugged in. This means that the charger will have to be bi-directional. Such a system boasts additional benefits compared to V1G:

• Provide back-up power for buildings
• Ensure high power quality for buildings
• Help supply power to building when grid power is costly

Vehicle to Grid (V2G): allows for the vehicle to feed power back directly to the grid. In addition, the power converters used to charge the vehicle can also be used to support the stability of the grid by providing ancillary services. Such a system would require constant bi-directional communication between the charger and the grid. V2G offers:

• Grid-stabilizing ancillary services (reactive power and voltage control, loss compensation, energy imbalance)
• Supply power to grid when economically viable
• Allow easier integration of renewable resources by ensuring high power quality from the resource